Inventum Biologicum: An International Journal of Biological Research

Influence of Sodium Fluoride on Nitrate Reductase Inhibition and Physiological Changes in Plants

T. Shankar — 2024-11-20

Sodium fluoride (NaF) poses significant phytotoxic effects on plants, primarily through the inhibition of key metabolic processes. Fluoride is readily absorbed by plant leaves and roots, accumulating in metabolically active cells, particularly at leaf tips and margins. This accumulation leads to a spectrum of symptoms depending on species sensitivity and environmental factors. Fluoride concentrations vary across species, with resistant plants such as cotton and asparagus tolerating higher levels without visible injury, while sensitive species like Chenopodium murale exhibit severe toxicity even at low concentrations.

Fluoride exposure induces structural and functional changes in plant cells, resulting in chlorosis, necrosis, and ultimately reduced photosynthesis, growth, and yield. Severe fluoride toxicity can lead to plant death, with affected leaves containing significantly higher fluoride levels than healthy ones. Sodium fluoride inhibits nitrate reductase (NR) activity in vivo, a critical enzyme for nitrogen metabolism, while not affecting its activity in vitro. Additionally, fluoride disrupts various physiological processes, leading to stunted growth, diminished photosynthetic pigments, and impaired antioxidative enzyme activity. It also interferes with cell signalling and calcium dynamics, crucial for fertilization and overall plant development. The cumulative impact of sodium fluoride on seed germination and seedling growth underscores the need for further investigation into its ecological consequences and management strategies to mitigate its effects on agricultural productivity and plant health.

Genetically Modified Organisms: From Cloning to Designer Babies

Samaira Gupta — 2024-11-11

From cloning to designer babies, genetic engineering in the field of biotechnology has rapidly developed, to the point where ethical debates among scientists and the media have been sparked. Cloning is a process in genetic engineering in which an exact genetic replica of a cell, tissue, or organism is produced with the same DNA as the original. Clones can be manufactured in a lab through embryonic twinning or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In 1996, Scottish scientists successfully cloned the first animal using SCNT; a sheep named Dolly. Designer babies are babies whose DNA has been modified either to eradicate certain genes which produce unfavorable traits such as genetic diseases, or to insert certain genes which produce favorable traits such as enhanced intelligence. Designer babies can be produced through preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) or through CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Using PGT, embryos are created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) and after developing, PGT can be performed, allowing embryos that carry desired traits to be selected and transferred into the mother’s uterus. CRISPR-Cas9 works like molecular scissors, allowing genes to be inserted, removed, or replaced. In 2018, Chinese biophysicist Dr. He Jiankui created the world’s first genetically modified humans (twins named Lulu and Nana) by disabling the CCR5 gene to make the twins HIV immune. Major ethical questions are raised with these processes; do they cross ethical boundaries? What exactly are these boundaries? This gray area of bioethics makes it challenging to determine what is ethical and what is not.

Phytotherapeutic Potential of Traditional Medicinal Plants

Tariq Ahmad Sheikh — 2024-11-10

Nature has given us access to a vast array of treatments for all human ailments. Many of the contemporary medications used in therapeutic settings come from natural sources. Many people in poor nations place a great deal of trust in herbal folk medicines as primary medical treatments. As a result, the value of these herbal remedies is rising in an arithmetic progression, but it is constrained because only a small number of the plant's elements have the ability to counter toxicities like mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects, among others. About 80% of the world's population relies mostly on traditional medicines for their primary healthcare, making traditional plant-based medicinal systems crucial to health care. This study attempts to present a thorough analysis of the scientific literature on the therapeutic use of conventional medicinal herbs. In order to better understand the pharmacological characteristics of these plants and to make new discoveries in the drug development process, researchers may find this overview to be useful.

A Review on Sustained Release Matrix Tablet

Sangale Sandhya — 2024-10-23

Sustained release formulations are advanced drug delivery systems designed to release active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) over an extended period, maintaining therap-eutic levels and reducing dosing frequency. These formulations enhance patient compliance, reduce side effects, and improve bioavailability. This review explores recent advancements in sustained release technologies, including Matrix systems, Reservoir systems, Microencapsulation, Nanoparticles, and Liposomes. Factors influencing drug release, such as polymer degradation, diffusion, and erosion, are discussed. Applications in various therapeutic areas, including chronic pain management, antihypertensives, and HIV treatment, are highlighted. Challenges and future directions in sustained release formulation development are also addressed.

Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis: Diagnostic Pitfalls and Treatment Strategies

Ishana Gaur — 2024-10-06

Relapsing transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare but potentially debilitating neurological condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord, often associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). TM can present with motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, and when it recurs, it raises significant concerns regarding underlying chronic demyelinating diseases. Diagnosing and managing this condition, particularly in the absence of specific antibodies like NMO-IgG or MOG, remains a challenge. This article explores the pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options for relapsing transverse myelitis, emphasizing the importance of early detection and aggressive management to prevent permanent disability.

Integrating Complementary Therapies in the Management of Cervical Spondylosis (Sagana Vatham): A Review

Logamanian Janani Saravana — 2024-10-19

Cervical spondylosis, known as Sagana Vatham in traditional Siddha medicine, is a degenerative condition of the cervical spine characterized by pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It is primarily associated with aging and the gradual deterioration of intervertebral discs and joints. While conventional treatments often involve medications, physical therapy, or surgery, or complementary therapies are increasingly recognized for their role in symptom management, mobility improvement, and overall quality of life. This review examines various complementary therapies, including yoga, acupuncture, herbal medicine, chiropractic care, and Ayurveda, as potential adjuncts to conventional cervical spondylosis treatments. The therapeutic benefits, mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of these therapies are discussed, with an emphasis on findings from recent clinical studies. These therapies not only target the physical aspects of the condition but also address the psychological distress often associated with chronic pain. Integrating complementary therapies into cervical spondylosis management could improve patient outcomes by providing a more personalized, non-invasive, and holistic approach. However, more high-quality clinical trials are needed to establish the definitive efficacy and safety of these treatments in diverse patient populations.

Diversity of Zooplankton in the Lentic Ecosystem of Lake

Sanjay Kumar Vishwakarma — 2024-10-05

Zooplankton are numerous organisms found in almost all water bodies. The study of plankton is a valuable method for assessing the biotic potential of water bodies and contributes to understanding their overall biological characteristics and economic potential. Zooplankton are microscopic, free-floating organisms that are crucial to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. As a vital link in the energy transfer between phytoplankton and higher aquatic animals, zooplankton are key biotic components, playing a significant role in aquatic environments. They influence food chains, food webs, energy flow, and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.

Zooplankton populations serve as important indicators of the stability of food chains. Various environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, salinity, and oxygen levels, affect zooplankton populations. They play a critical role in the transfer of energy between primary and tertiary trophic levels. Additionally, zooplankton are indicators of the physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in aquatic systems due to their high densities. Since they are highly sensitive to environmental changes, shifts in the abundance or composition of certain species can be used to assess the health of the ecosystem.

Application of Modern Techniques, Drones and IoT in Indian Agriculture

Gagan Singh Guru — 2024-10-04

India's vast agricultural sector is on the cusp of a transformation. Modern techniques like drones and the Internet of Things (IoT) are poised to revolutionize the way farmers manage their land, optimize resources, and boost yields. This fusion of technology and traditional practices holds immense potential to address longstanding challenges in Indian agriculture, ensuring food security for a growing population and empowering farmers toward a more sustainable and profitable future. Drones are being used to collect data on crop health, soil conditions, and water levels. This data can be used to create detailed maps of farms, which can help farmers to identify areas that need attention. Drones can also be used to spray pesticides and fertilizers, which can save farmers time and money. IoT devices are being used to track the movement of livestock and to monitor their health. This data can help farmers to identify sick animals early on, so that they can be treated promptly, IoT devices can also be used to monitor the temperature and humidity of greenhouses, which can help farmers to create optimal growing conditions for their crops.

Non-Surgical Management of Periapical Lesion in Mandibular Incisor using Calcium Hydroxide Intracanal Medication

S. Pallavi — 2024-11-19

Sterilization of the root canal space is necessary for the success of endodontic therapy. Medications and intracanal irrigants are frequently used for this. Numerous intracanal medications and irrigation methods have been studied for improved treatment results in order to achieve sterilisation and healing of periapical region. This case report discusses the non-surgical treatment of an extensive periapical lesion in the mandibular anterior teeth of a 34-year-old male who complained of occasional swelling and pain following a traumatic accident. During the first appointment, access was opened, followed by biomechanical preparation and disinfection, and the root canal was filled with calcium hydroxide. After two weeks, the patient was found to be asymptomatic, therefore obturation was performed. After 12 months, clinical and radiographic evaluations revealed that bone repair was evident. This case report demonstrates how a precise diagnosis combined with root canal treatment, as a conservative non-surgical strategy, can result in complete healing of big lesions without the need for invasive therapies.

Evaluation of Detrimental Missense SNPs of Human CXCL6 Gene by Combining Algorithms, Homology Modeling, and Molecular Docking

Hamna Tariq — 2024-11-17

Cancer is marked by uncontrolled cell proliferation, often driven by genetic mutations, including alterations in the CXCL6 gene on chromosome 4q21. CXCL6 is a crucial gene involved in immune responses and inflammation and has been implicated in promoting tumor growth and metastasis when overexpressed. This study utilized various bioinformatics tools to investigate the pathogenicity of missense nsSNPs within the CXCL6 gene, identified through the NCBI-SNP database and assessed their impact on protein stability and structural integrity. A total of 22 nsSNPs were identified as potentially harmful, with mutations such as L47M, C51R, L92M, L92V, P73S, and Q104K demonstrating significant structural alterations. Mutation clustering was performed using Mutation3D, and molecular docking studies were conducted with PyRx to evaluate ligand interactions with both wild-type and mutant protein forms. Five of the 25 ligands examined displayed promising docking scores, suggesting their potential as therapeutic inhibitors. Additionally, the Hope algorithm provided further insights into the structural consequences of these mutations. This study highlights the role of CXCL6 mutations in cancer progression and underscores the potential of CXCL6 expression as a predictive biomarker across various cancer types. These findings offer a foundation for exploring CXCL6 as a therapeutic target, contributing to personalized approaches in cancer treatment.

A Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Manifestations in Patients on Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy at a Tertiary Care Centre

Pearl Dogra — 2024-11-15

Background: The newer and traditional targeted anticancer modalities have tremendously improved the survival rate in cancer patients, however the associated increase in the incidence of cutaneous side effects can negatively affect the quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cutaneous manifestations in patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the treatment of internal malignancies.

Material and Methods: This cross sectional observational study included all diagnosed cases of internal malignancies with cutaneous manifestations following chemotherapy and radiotherapy, referred from the oncology OPD between January 2020 to June 2021. In each patient, detailed history, cutaneous and systemic examination, as well as treatment information were recorded. Skin biopsies were performed when necessary. Patients who had undergone both chemotherapy and radiotherapy were excluded from the study.

Results: Out of 3741 patients who were referred from the oncology OPD, 80% (2992) were on chemotherapy, with 8.51% (255) experiencing cutaneous manifestations. Among the 45% (1689) patients who were on radiotherapy, 3.73% (63) developed cutaneous manifestation.

Conclusion: Early detection and management of the cutaneous manifestation following treatment with chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic agents can be of utmost importance in improving the quality of life, increasing the therapeutic compliance and preventing the long term sequelae.

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Addressing Stubble Burning in Punjab: A Comprehensive Review of Causes, Impacts, and Sustainable Alternatives Through AgriThermoSolution

Gurjant Singh — 2024-11-14

In Punjab’s intense rice-wheat cropping system, stubble burning is a frequent practice. It releases a substantial amount of pollutants, such as PM2.5 (200–500 µg/m³), PM10, CO, and CH4, which contributes to severe air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The reasons, including the 15–20 day gap between crops, the scarcity of reasonably priced residue management solutions, and financial limitations, are examined in this research. Significant dangers to public health, such as a 36% rise in respiratory infections, are associated with the environmental effects, which include a 30–40% reduction in soil organic carbon. Scalability and acceptance issues plague current mitigation initiatives, such as the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) policy and Happy Seeder technology. Alternatives that are sustainable are investigated, including crop diversification, in-situ management, and using residues for bioenergy. Adoption depends on legislative initiatives such as financial subsidies and carbon credits. The evaluation emphasises the need for comprehensive, empirically supported solutions that strike a compromise between farmers' financial reality and environmental sustainability.

Guardians of Diversity: Conservation of Native Orchids in Changing Ecosystems at Wayanad, Western Ghats

V. U. Sabu — 2024-11-04

The Western Ghats, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity, particularly its rich assemblage of native orchid species. Wayanad, a district within this mountainous region, is an especially significant area for orchids due to its diverse habitats and microclimates that foster a wide range of species, many of which are endemic to the Ghats. Orchids in Wayanad not only contribute to the area's biodiversity but also serve as critical bio indicators, reflecting the health and stability of the ecosystem. This study investigates the current diversity of orchid species in Wayanad, assesses ecological challenges threatening their survival, and reviews ongoing conservation efforts.

The native orchid populations in Wayanad are increasingly at risk due to habitat degradation, changes in climate, and pressures from human activity, including land use changes, agricultural expansion, and unregulated collection. These pressures disrupt the delicate balance of the orchid habitats, threatening the survival of both common and rare species. Through field surveys and ecological assessments, this study documents the orchid species present in Wayanad, providing valuable insights into their distribution, habitat requirements, and conservation status.

In response to these challenges, this paper discusses adaptive strategies, such as habitat preservation, ex-situ conservation through botanical gardens, and community-based conservation initiatives. Engaging local communities is highlighted as a vital approach, fostering sustainable practices and conservation awareness. Policy recommendations are presented to reinforce orchid conservation at regional and national levels, with broader implications for safeguarding biodiversity within the Western Ghats and similar ecosystems worldwide. This study aims to support effective conservation strategies to protect these floral treasures and preserve the ecological integrity of the Western Ghats.

Ethnomedicinal Significance of Selected Fabaceae Members Utilized by Traditional Healers in Panna, Madhya Pradesh

Mayank Singh — 2024-10-21

The Fabaceae family, commonly known as the legume or pea family, holds significant ethnomedicinal importance globally due to its diverse array of medicinal plants. Fabaceae species have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine across cultures, showcasing their versatility in treating a wide range of ailments. The family's plants contain bioactive compounds contributing to their pharmacological properties. In Panna district, several species of Fabaceae have been traditionally utilized by local communities for their therapeutic benefits. These plants are often used in the treatment of various ailments such as fever, digestive disorders, skin infections, and respiratory ailments.

The ethnomedicinal knowledge related to Fabaceae in Panna district is deeply rooted in the cultural heritage of the indigenous populations. Traditional healers, known as vaidyas or bhagats, play a vital role in preserving and transmitting this knowledge through oral traditions and practices. Their expertise in identifying and using different parts of Fabaceae plants for medicinal purposes reflects centuries-old wisdom passed down through generations. Furthermore, the sustainable harvesting and utilization of Fabaceae plants for medicinal purposes contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in the region. This paper underscores the ethnomedicinal significance of Fabaceae in Panna district, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts between traditional knowledge holders, researchers, and conservationists to document, validate, and integrate this valuable traditional knowledge into modern healthcare systems.

Role of Phosphorous Solubilizing Microbes and their Interaction with Microbial Fuel Cell for the Reduction of Phosphorous in Eutrophic Aquatic Ecosystem

R. Caroline Jeba — 2024-10-13

Phosphorous (P) is one of the major cause for the eutrophication process in all the water bodies. It can be derived from agricultural runoff or from domestic and industrial wastes. The phosphorous concentration content reduction in the sediment and the water was attempted with the help of microbial fuel cell. A comprehensive study was done with the phosphate rich water along with a control. The study involved a 30-day treatment of oxidation catalysis of organic matter by bacteria called Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology that has been conducted to reduce the contamination of phosphorous in the water. The initial parameter measurements of the phosphorous concentration content were found to be reduced by the end of the study when compared with the control. Electricity was also produced as a byproduct as the result of the microbial activity. However, the reduction in the phosphorous concentration content was accomplished with the help of Phosphate Solubilising Microbes such as Actinomyces, Streptomyces. B. mycoides, B. polymyxa, B. coagulans, Anabena sp., Calothrix braunii, Nostoc sp., Scytonema sp., etc. These microorganisms are extracted from the sludge present their natural aquatic environments such as ponds and lakes. Such microbes are allowed to grow in the anode of the MFC which breakdown both the organic and inorganic phosphates present in the water bodies. These phosphate solubilizing microorganisms with the help of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) could be a promising approach for reducing the phosphate concentration in the eutrophic water bodies.

Dermatological Ailments Treated by the Non-Institutionally Trained Siddha Practitioners of Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India

Murugan Shanmugam Meena — 2024-10-05

Dermatological conditions are a significant yet often underestimated global healthcare concern, with increasing prevalence rates worldwide. In India, traditional medicine systems such as Siddha offer alternative treatments for skin ailments. This study aims to document the knowledge and practices of non-institutionally trained Siddha practitioners in Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, focusing on their treatment of dermatological issues. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 63 practitioners using interviews conducted in Tamil, and plant species used in treatments were identified and analyzed. The study documented the use of 100 plant species in 60 medicinal formulations for treating various dermatological conditions, with a species accumulation curve indicating sufficient sampling. Illness categories such as wounds, psoriasis, and eczema showed the highest informant consensus factor (Fic), while formulations involving plants like Thespesia populnea, Terminalia chebula, and Curcuma longa had strong support from traditional literature. However, several plant-based treatments lacked documentation in Siddha Materia Medica, reflecting gaps in recorded knowledge. The findings highlight the rich traditional knowledge of non-institutionally trained Siddha practitioners and underscore the importance of integrating such practices into community healthcare. Further research is recommended to explore the pharmacological potential of the documented plant species and promote the conservation of ethnomedicinal knowledge.

Holistic Therapy – An Integrative Approach to Physical and Mental Wellbeing

Ujjwala Kakarla — 2024-10-02

Holistic therapy has gained prominence as a complementary approach to conventional medical treatments. It emphasizes the interconnection between the body, mind, and spirit, aiming to achieve overall wellness. This article delves into the effectiveness of holistic therapy, drawing on current research and critical perspectives to evaluate its role in promoting health and well-being. Holistic therapy, an integrative approach to physical and mental well-being, encompasses a range of practices that address the individuals as a whole, rather than focusing on isolated symptoms. This research article explores the efficacy of holistic therapy in improving physical and mental health outcomes, examining various modalities including acupuncture, yoga, meditation, and naturopathy. Critiques from contemporary researchers and practitioners are analysed to provide a balanced perspective on the benefits and limitations of holistic therapy. This research article depicts the impact and results of holistic therapies on physical and mental well-being, critically analysing the methodologies and outcomes of various holistic practices.