Zinc Uptake, Transport and Homeostasis in Plants: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture
Keywords:
Defence, Heavy metal, Homeostasis, Mechanisms, Phytochelatins, Zinc transportersAbstract
Zinc (Zn), a mineral that naturally occurs in soil in terrestrial environments, is essential for plant growth because it plays crucial roles in many metabolic pathways. However, the presence of potentially toxic levels of zinc in soils can affect plant growth, photosynthetic and respiratory rates, mineral nutrition and the amount of reactive oxygen species that are produced. The weathering of rocks, forest fires, volcanoes, mining and smelting operations, manure, sewage sludge and phosphatic fertilizers are only a few of the routes via which Zn enters soils. The scientific community has focused on Zn's impacts on plants and vital role in agricultural sustainability as a result of rising environmental alarm and the small window between Zn essentiality and toxicity in plants. Because of this, this review focuses on the most recent research on the numerous physiological and biochemical processes that are affected by high levels of zinc, as well as on the mechanisms of zinc uptake and transport and molecular aspects of excess zinc homeostasis in plants. This review also makes an effort to comprehend the mechanisms underlying Zn toxicity in plants and to give fresh viewpoints that aim to inspire more research into the subject. The review results will also provide light on different processes used by plants to deal with Zn stress, which will be very important to breeders who want to increase tolerance to Zn pollution.
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